Understanding Multiple Sclerosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Hope for the Future

Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects more than 2.8 million people worldwide, yet it remains one of the most misunderstood neurological conditions. In our latest episode of Elliot Health Talks, Dr. Ann Cabot, a neurologist here at Elliot Health System breaks down what MS is, how it’s diagnosed, and the progress being made in treatment. 

What Is MS? 

Dr. Cabot explains MS as an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the protective myelin coating around nerves in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. This damage disrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms. 

Common Symptoms to Watch For 

MS looks different for every patient, but some of the most common early signs include: 

• Vision changes such as blurriness, eye pain, or double vision 

• Numbness and tingling in the extremities, often spreading upward over time 

• Fatigue and cognitive issues, which can be harder to pinpoint but are frequently reported 

• Weakness or spasticity, depending on where the inflammation occurs 

Is MS Genetic? 

While MS is not directly inherited, genetics play a role in risk. In the general population, the chance of developing MS is about 0.5%. For those with a parent or sibling diagnosed, the risk rises to around 1%. Dr. Cabot emphasizes that this is a predisposition, not a guarantee. 

How Doctors Diagnose MS 

Diagnosis begins with a detailed patient history and neurological exam. If MS is suspected, physicians may order: 

• MRI scans of the brain and spine to look for lesions 

• Lab work and lumbar puncture to rule out other conditions 

• Ongoing evaluation to ensure accuracy, since symptoms can overlap with other diseases 

Early diagnosis matters: studies show that beginning treatment sooner leads to better long‑term outcomes. 

Treatment and Teamwork 

Once MS is confirmed, treatment is highly individualized. Dr. Cabot stresses the importance of open communication between patients and their care team. Options may include disease‑modifying therapies, symptom management strategies, and supportive resources like MyChart, nurses, and primary care providers. 

Progress and Optimism 

Reflecting on her 25 years in MS care, Dr. Cabot describes the field as “completely different” today compared to two decades ago. Advances in imaging, symptom management, and especially treatment options have transformed the outlook for patients. Support networks, online resources, and advocacy groups now provide connection and empowerment that simply didn’t exist years ago. 

“It’s very optimistic and exciting,” Dr. Cabot says. “We’ve made so much progress, and there’s still more to do.” 

Learn More 

For more information about neurological services and MS care at Elliot Health System, visit ElliotHospital.org/MS.

And don’t forget — you can listen to the full conversation with Dr. Cabot here.